the footsteps
the walls Eisenberg
An analysis of construction, history
and course of Eisenberger fortification with special consideration of existing hypotheses
Seminar Thesis
Friedrich Schiller-Gymnasium Eisenberg / Thüringen
seminar specialist advisors: Mrs. Peter
specialist Advisor: Peter Mann
presented by
Josephine Herbst
Marie Prokop
Lisa Rost
Sarah Weigelt
Eisenberg in October 2007
breakdown
I Introduction. .................................................. .................................................. .......... 4
II lead
first General information about cities in the Middle Ages ....................................... 6
second General data on fortifications ......................................... 8
2.1 Significance and History ............................................. 8
2.2 Structure and components ............................................ .... 10
III The city wall in Eisenberg
first About Eisenberg ............................................... ................... 1.1 General ........................................... 13
of Eisenberg 13
1.2 History of Eisenberg ............................................ .. 13
second Occasion of the construction and function of the wall for Eisenberg ..................... 16
third The construction of the walls Eisenberg ............................................. .......... 17
1.3 Construction of the city wall ............................................ ............ 17
3.3 The wall and the moat .......................................... ..... 16
3.4 Goals ............................................. ............................. 18
3.4.1 The Stone Gate ........................................... .......... 18
3.4.2 The Leipzig Goal .......................................... .. 21
3.4.3 Peterstor ........................................... ......... 22
3.4.4 The Castle Gate and Castle Gate ...................... 23
3.4.5 The goal of the Long Lane .............................. 26
4.Verlauf of the city wall ........................................ ......................... 27
4.1 General on the progress ............................................ ... 27
4.2 Documentation of the Historical Society ................ 27
4.2.1 The Historical Society .................. .............................. 27
4.2.2 process and results of the investigation .................. 28 Stone Gate
4.3 Modelling the Leipzig Tor ................................... 29
04.04 From Leipzig gateway to Peterstor .................................. 30
5.4 Peterstor From the gate of the Long Lane .................... 31
04.06 From the gate of the long alley to the Stone Gate ...................... 34
4.7 Comparison of the two documentaries ......................... 36
IV Conclusion ............................................. .................................................. . 37
Summery V ................................................ .................................................. ............ 38
VI Bibliography ............................................. ................................................ 39
VII Affidavit ............................................ .................................. 41
Annex VIII ............................................. .................................................. .............. 43
I Introduction
you visit as a tourist cities such as Rothenburg ob der Tauber, or Dinkelsbühl Bautzen, the medieval Town centers are still completely surrounded by a city wall, one is impressed by the architecture and the fortification of this vast fortifications. We wondered how Eisenberg would look at such a city wall today. This was the starting point of our seminar skilled work in which we wanted to deal from the start with a regional issue. So we chose the history, construction and history of the medieval city walls Eisenberg as the object of our work. The fact that there are very few official documents we have seen as an incentive to find something new. Since the work could be interesting for the residents Eisenberger, we will publish them in a booklet in the series "Looking back".
The basis of our considerations was a map of the Historical Association, on the probable course and the remains of the wall were registered.
equipped We made our first own picture of the holdings of the city wall and photographed at a walk the remaining pieces of wall. Unfortunately we noticed that there is only very few visible remnants of which many are in a bad condition.
After this tour, it became clear that the elaboration of the theme would be more difficult, than we had vermutetet. We started to gather all available information on the city wall. We searched Support the Head of the Museum of National History in Eisenberg, Peter Mann thinned, the chronicles of Eisenberg, read the books to the History and Antiquities Science Society of Eisenberg, evaluated from old paintings and cards and talked with members of the Historical Association, which already once had dealt with the issue. Unfortunately, many of these sources based more on conjecture. So we were happy when mid-July 2007 was uncovered during demolition of a house on a piece of original wall Steinweg. By chance we were thus more important and above all reliable information, we could use in our work.
found, however, the main basis of our research, we in the city archives: a very accurate cadastral map with the city 1843-1850 is shown. At that time still existing city wall remains are located in the cadastral map as a narrow red and marked parcels. In subsequent years, with red lines and areas located in buildings that plan. Many of the buildings still stand today and gave us such a good guide. Since we use in our work no other cadastral plan, the plan is always meant when we speak of "asset maps".
Below we will need to build a municipal defense establishment in the Middle Ages and briefly illuminate the city's history in terms Eisenberger explain to the city walls. After that, we dedicate ourselves to the real task - the reconstruction of the history, construction and course of Eisenberger fortifications.
II lead
1 General information about cities in the Middle Ages
Since 5000 years, there is "a larger, centralized, bounded settlements with its own administrative and supply structure, "the one referred to as" city "(althochdt.: stat = location, location). A City emerges mostly from a smaller rural settlement, if the population is growing disproportionately by various causes. The result is an ever-expanding development close to the most existing roads. Unlike cities are irregular, often star-shaped form, it also cities with a geometrically planned floor plans. This "planned cities" were in all significant prehistoric civilizations. In Central Europe it was the Romans who were planning their urban conscious. In the Middle Ages did so landlords who wanted to consolidate their power with market fees and customs duties.
Most of today's cities emerged in our region High Middle Ages with the growth of trade and crafts. In the 13-14. Century there were already nearly 3,000 cities in Germany, but most had less than 1,000 inhabitants. Cologne is the largest city had 30,000 inhabitants at that time, so only three times as much as today's Eisenberg, lived in the then far less than 1,000 people.
One reason why people moved to the cities, were "personal freedom, equal rights and better economic opportunities." The keyword "city air makes free" dates from this period and describes the right of Lehnsbauern that after a year of city life could not be returned to serfdom.
received after the award of the city law, the city a certain degree of autonomy and its own jurisdiction as well as an authority on free trade, guilds and self-defense. The latter were allowed to ensure the city by a city wall, which gave the village a castle-like appearance. The city was given by fixed borders, where you had to also set up with a growing population. Sun lived low artisans and the poor segments of the population groups most in narrow, half-timbered houses built with alleys. In these areas prevailed in a medieval city catastrophic hygienic shortcomings. There was no sewage system or a regulated waste disposal, came to the pollution the streets and the air by various industries. Water brought to the residents from the rivers and streams that flowed so mostly through the cities. Only at the end of the late Middle Ages were found in the cities of groundwater wells and water pipes that led to public water bodies.
was through a close association, of course, social problems, especially among the poorest population groups. It was "a tendency to exclusion, narrowness and hardening.". Jews, day laborers, servants, beggars and craftsmen were usually together more than half of the total urban population. These people are not counted as citizens, but only as residents and therefore had no political voice or civil law. The middle layer was formed of artisans, merchants and shopkeepers. Only about 10% of the urban population were the upper class, which consisted of wealthy landowners, wealthy craftsmen, traders, merchants and foreign trade higher administrative officials. From among mayors and councilors have been asked. The noble lord of the city gave them special privileges, so they could be even richer. That should make city life attractive to them and bring the city Lord thus more duties and taxes.
2 General data on fortifications
2.1 Meaning and History
The city wall was one of the most important parts of a city. In addition to their defense and protection of this public building structure was representational. "It was important, however, that the construction and defense organization promoted the cooperative element of citizenship." Moreover, the city wall, the legal limit marked on the surrounding area. Generally it can be said that the defense of a settlement were ever developed so far, "as required by the state of their military technology and their whole military system and how it would allow the locally available materials and knowledge."
The history of the fortifications was in the Neolithic its beginning, when people settled down. At that time, of course, could not be of the wall question, but the basic facilities to the villagers offered protection from invaders of all kinds, including from wild animals. These first Befestigungsanlangen consisted only of earth. To this end, a trench was created, was heaped on its front page the excavated material to a wall. To further protect you from thorns planted. Movable fence pieces were then the first goals. From the simple wall-trench construction developed over time a complex of successive walls and ditches. In addition, palisade fencing erected and created barriers, such as draw bridges, gates, dead ends and placed in the way stones.
The problem with these plants, the organic material. Wood was to get but easy to handle well, but it rotted quickly and had to be constantly renewed. Therefore soon sat down by stone as a building material. The first stable stone walls in Germany can be attributed to the 6th Cent. . Backdate Most of the walls was built under the rule of the Romans. Examples are the walls of Cologne or the Limes Germanicus. This was initially just a mound, but was a slight with watchtowers and fences, some with stone walls occupy border. In this time there were more the city wall was built, but this was ended with the defeat of the Roman Empire and its fragmentation. The migration started and crumbled, the Roman walls. In the 10th
Century the city gained in importance again mounting. The stone walls, which at first were not higher than two meters were broken by simple wooden gates. Usually there was only one guard tower in the city. Two centuries later the city and castle fortifications were already well thought out military defense systems. From the experience of the Crusades out the walls were reinforced with simple round or rectangular, provided in part by casually pointed turrets. The gates were gate houses, the open Walkways have been provided with covers and loopholes, and gradually disappeared entirely from the wood construction.
gained more and more in addition to the protective function also the artistic aspect of the facilities in importance. The architecture of the Gothic influence from the mid-12th C. building the wall. In this period also increased the need fixing, because it occurred again and again that some walls were destroyed by attack tactics. One of the most feared was the so-called undermining, in which a narrow passage in the wall was blown up. A rarely used method of attack was undermining. To fend off these attacks, put it on deeper foundations are thicker and higher walls. The wall towers were thicker, higher and above all individual. Especially the gate towers of the main access roads should demonstrate to their height and their ornate appearance of the defensive capability and the wealth of a city.
In the mid-14th Century it came to a deep cut in the history of the city wall. The gun was invented. Although they initially fired only with stone or steel balls, they had compared to the previously used weapons of high penetrating power. We therefore need stronger fortifications that withstood the new guns. The walls, the amount increased in the past centuries, were again lower, yet thicker. Partly it was "walled heaped up mounds, to give the plants more flexibility. Moreover, this wall Wall served as cannon platform. With the use of artillery were also the first bastions. This wall projections improved the defense of a fortress with cannons
the beginning of the Renaissance in the 16th Century, it came about by the development of the guns and the use of incendiary and explosive ammunition at a Defence technical change in strategy. Although the vast areas of the city fortifications were strengthened further and further, they could not withstand the great accuracy and destructive power of artillery. Therefore took on more and more separate military fortifications the defense of the cities where you could hide in massive artillery attacks. These fortifications were from 17 Century built more stable and sophisticated, while walls were usually not further secured. By the beginning of the 18th Century had "beaten up for the city walls as a defense. Deprived of their military mission, they were often abandoned to the building material gain or later fell to the expansive and radical urban expansion of early capitalism in the 18th Century to the victim. This loss is regrettable in view of the vital function that had those walls for our ancestors in the cities.
2.2 Structure and Components
A city wall was composed of different components. There are always three areas in which we can classify the fortifications: the area outside the city wall, the wall area itself and the area behind the wall (inner city).
front of the wall was usually the moat (often still labeled as street names, such as Weimar, Jena, Saalfeld and Gera). This was a long narrow depression in the ground, which was created artificially, and the city enclosed in whole or in part. She was a hard insurmountable barrier for attackers on horseback, wagons and cannons. The trenches were in line with their strategic importance and size of the site situation form and applied very differently. Shallow wells were there just as powerful grave systems with up to 20 meters. In addition to protection against attackers, they were also often referred to as dismantling or transfer of water. Constantly filled ditches usually had only cities that lay along rivers or other waterways. The mounting grooves of the other cities were in peacetime usually never filled with water and were flooded only in the event of an attack. This was due to the already precarious water supply to the cities, fresh water was scarce. The trenches were flooded, there was water mixed with waste and sewage. It started to rot and stink, aggravating the tense Hygiene conditions for another.
always belonged to the trench wall. Sometimes several ditches and banks followed one after another and made it almost impossible to reach the wall in the first place. Often provide a better defense between the wall and the trench also built a watchtower. He was used primarily for early warning of enemy troops. As soon as they approached, the guards were flags and light signals in the city, put the ladder in to the past in several meters in the tower entrance and was thus sufficient protection. Could now be monitored from this point of the the wall pressing forces and additional combat backwards.
The wall enclosed the entire city and combined the city gates and towers together. It consisted of Spählöchern, top of the wall with battlements and the parapet with loopholes. The medieval city walls in our sealing room was usually a meter or two thick and two to nine meters high.
The main wall has been partially presented another Zwingmauer as protection. Between two walls often dogs, wild boars or bears were kept. In times of siege there could also be otherwise located outside the city of grazing cattle. When the enemy penetrated the Zwingmauer in this area, they were there like a trapped and could be opposed by the main wall from.
In addition to the passive protection of the walls allowed the walk from the towers from the walkway active defense of the city (s.Abb.II.2.2 / 1 - a walkway on the example of Rothenburg ob der Tauber). Battlements were with strong walls of the stone curtain wall crown. With thinner walls than they were built wooden structures behind them. From the usually even covered walkway from one could deal effectively protected by a crenellated parapet fitted with the attackers. The narrow openings for the firing of firearms decreased the risk of enemy hits. In defense of the wall foot addition Fußscharten were let into the bottom of trenches.
Desktop the walls or directly as part of those were depending on the size of the city more buildings, more can be found but guardhouse, gates and towers. When the towers, a distinction between waking and gate towers. The tower names often indicate their additional function, such as the Powder Tower in Jena for the storage of gunpowder, the office tower in Weimar to keep the city treasury or in the dungeon in Bernau, who was known as a prison and Folterort. The tower to describe but often the craft guilds of the city, which were responsible for the construction and maintenance of the tower and its defense (eg forged tower, Gerber tower).
III. The city wall in Eisenberg
1 About Eisenberg
1.1 General about Eisenberg
The city Eisenberg is 275 m above sea level in the hall-wood agricultural district in the north-eastern state of Thuringia, is since 1952 a district town and covers an area of 24 , ² 85 km. With a population of 11,500, it is a relatively large town. It is divided into four districts: the town, is located in the old town, Friedrichstanneck, Saasa course and village. The emblem of the city (s.Abb.III.1.1 / 1) shows, according to the statutes of the main town of Eisenberg an "gezinnte golden gate tower and city wall with gezinntem closed Gate ". In the middle of the emblem is a Moor head to see who can be traced to a legend.
known sights of the city are the elaborately reconstructed Christiansborg Castle with the 17th- Century, this Baroque castle church, the historic market building, the Renaissance town hall and the Klötznersche house - now the city museum - has been uncovered in the basement of a pagan sacrifice pit. The few places of the city still present and partially restored remains of the wall are worth seeing and also to remember the rich history of the city.
1.1 History of Eisenberg Eisenberg
The history can be traced back very far . Pursue According to archaeological finds, it can be assumed that the plateau on which is the modern-day city was inhabited since the Paleolithic.
north in the valley of the plateau was 995 AD. First mentioned in an old pile of Slavic Village. This settlement was called "Donitzschkau" or "St. Nicholas" as his church was dedicated to St. Nicholas. This old town was destroyed several times in different wars, so Margrave Otto of the kingdoms in the 12th century building on the strategically located high-level, a planned city and a castle is. This relatively small plain is bounded on three sides by fairly steep slopes, even from the outset a natural Protection from attackers were. The settlement was called back then Ysenberch. The origin of the name is so far unclear, but probably he is a knight of herführen Yso that is associated with the construction of the city name.
still almost equal to the layouts of streets and parcels the city is evident that the city itself was built on schedule (s.Abb.III.1.2 / 1): the stone path as the central axis (red) is at right angles by three other Road trains (green) crossed. These roads lead to the individual gates. The market (yellow) is applied square. He is not exactly in the center of the city, but in a water-filled trough. This shift in the market from the symmetry, the sloping terrain in the north and perhaps a way of existing Donitzschkau coming could be the reason why some streets in the north were not created exactly at right angles.
Even on the oldest existing map Eisenberg (s.Abb.III.1.2 / 2) one can see the planned layout of the town well. Here's the reality in triangular-oval city wall is represented as a rectangular oval. Thus, the strange distortion of the lengths and angular relationships to explain this plan.
the time of Otto Reich was in the north of the city also built a castle. Whether it was a new development or already existing castle was built is not clear. The castle was mainly used to control the trade routes, the city's defense, the protection of the nobility and administration purposes such jurisdiction.
Untermarkt Count Otto the Rich, a large part of the inhabitants of the Old City in a relatively short time has been moved. Why not complete the relocation is managed, not survived. It is believed that the old St. Nicholas Church was an important reason. Although the new Eisenberg got a church, but St. Nicolai was then a regionally important place of pilgrimage. Alone from trading with the pilgrims, it was probably living bearable. And so both cities there were in each case by its own wall surrounded more than 200 years together. Interestingly, in 1219 moved the son of Otto the rich, the oppressed Dietrich, the Zwickau Cistercian nunnery to Eisenberg. This highlights the religious significance of the place. The monastery, the castle and its location on major trade routes were certain reasons that led Albert the degenerate to two locations simultaneously on 24 July 1274 to give the municipal law.
1470 was a devastating fire in Donitzschkau, which obviously was the St. Nicholas Church to the victims. Up to 15 houses the old town was completely burned down. It was not worth it to rebuild. The survivors then moved to the New Town. From then on there was only "Ysenberch. To the old city today remember the street name "Old Town", "Donitzschkau" and "monastery gate.
important for Eisenberg 1505 of the discovery of a source area, the so-called "Seven Joys" was. Their water was then passed through a wooden pipe system to the market, so that the water supply was improved in Eisenberg. The old water trough was served, as the cattle feeder and still exists in a vault in the field of Mohr well.
1512 reported by the establishment of a hospital, which at that time but more aimed the isolation of patients as their medical care.
came in the period after 1558 is in the course of Reformation and over again to smaller attacks and riots, and it "flared up in all religious strife." However, no significant damage was done in the city. A major problem were against robbery and highway robbery by bandits and stray mercenaries. Here the walls offered at least within their area of security for the inhabitants. However, it
remained in the area near Eisenberg seen martial relatively quiet. Not until the time of the 30 years war was like the whole of Central Germany Eisenberg shaken by attacks, looting, starvation and disease, the population was far more than halved and the medieval structure was largely Partially destroyed.
2 Reason for the construction and function of the wall for Eisenberg
most likely in 1182 appointed Margrave Otto the Rich building the city wall Eisenberg. At the billboard on the wall piece in the library is given for the construction of the period 1156-1190.
reason for this was "Wettin civil war" between the sons of Otto, Albrecht the Proud and Dietrich the oppressed. The Margrave had prompted that after his death, his country divided equally among his sons. However, "Albrecht [...] looked in the past few months of life of Otto the total mass of the Wettin possessions get hold." Then the newly created Eisenberg was walled to escape destruction by this war.
addition to the task in defending the city in time of war to be helpful, should protect the city wall and from predators such as stray mercenaries or bandits. It should also distinguish the old from the new city.
After the construction in the 12th Century, it had to be repaired again and again, because it is worn by war and the ravages of time was. Also, the Thirty Years' War will have pulled the walls affected.
end of the 18th Century was the first backup and restoration of the city wall remains purely Eisenberger architekturgeschichtlichem reason. Several billboard with dates refer to these repairs. It was the time of the Weimar Classics, in which the mean age was idealized.
3 The construction of the city wall Eisenberg
1.3 Construction of the city wall
The construction of the walls Eisenberg, we tried using the waste pieces available to us to determine. To what extent these are still in pristine condition, its construction is, however, is questionable. Cave-ins, renovations and additions, repairs and restorations in the 700 years could the structural condition of the wall has changed significantly. Also, we have not had the opportunity - to dig foundations or parts of the old city walls - for financial reasons. The best way to see the construction in three places: the first is the damaged piece of wall on the grounds of the Old Post Office (s.Abb.III.3.1 / 1), the second is the cave-in at Scheithof (s.Abb.III.3.1 / 2). At the third site wall remains, which came during the demolition of houses on the street to light switch (s.Abb.III.3.1 / 3). All three sites have the same pattern: up to 100 cm long, 50 cm wide and 30 cm high, carved mostly yellowish, partly reddish sandstone walls form two shells. Composite material is the strong clay soil of the land. The space between the walls very carefully brick shell was filled with small broken stones, clay and construction waste (s.Abb.III.3.1 / 1). The
worn in the Wall Street Wall part has been documented by Peter Mann. The wall had a width of 0.95 here and was -1.1 m "0.8 m into the existing soil dug. In 1.40 m height on the inside "a ledge was discovered. This is certainly the rest of the old battlements. A ledge in the same height, only slanted in the form we see on the other side of the stone gate at the renovated former piece of wall in the library. All still exist outside wall pieces show the same type of construction and building material and have about the same strength. This confirms that the wall was built "in one piece." The construction period can be explained by the shell construction not clear. Thickness stone walls are still being built so Erdmörtel was also used until the 18th century. Three arguments, however, that we really have to do with the remains of fortifications from the 12th century. First, the wall was also built according to tradition in a train. Second, the wall never moved through an urban extension to the outside and third, it has not changed much in structure. Therefore, it is compared to other walls are relatively low and had only a few small towers.
3.3 ditch and
Eisenberg is on a plateau and was due to these natural geographic fact quite safe protection to three sides. Nevertheless, the city decided not to mount not the usual wall-trench system. For the following considerations, we conclude that it encircled the entire city.
front of the castle wall and moat are clearly established. We further assume that the present garden road by position was built on the former city moat.
on the side of the stone gate was in the city on flat terrain and was therefore very easy to attack. Just here a Wall-grave system would be of particular strategic sense. There are no traditions or old pictures, even the street names do not show it. However, we assume that even a Wall-grave system along the present Old Gera road across the street trumpeter, the Great Brühl and the factory road moved, as this remarkable street runs parallel to the walls.
3.4 Goals
3.4.1 Steintor
The stone gate was at the beginning of Steinweg and was mentioned in 1277, first documented. It was named after the "stone house" that was like the gateway to the west of the city. That was the oldest and formerly the only gate by Eisenberg, it had certainly in the 12th Century just as the castle gates a gatehouse. On further modifications, we know nothing. Until 500 years later, in 1690, Duke Christian support the construction of a tower with 60 tree logs. The Tower measured at 6 m by 13.5 m from the city wall and bore the inscription:
"With the all-good and omnipotent God's blessing and help of the illustrious Christian, Duke of Saxony, Jülich, Cleve, Berg, Engern and Westphalia, was This tower was built and put into a movement in Christ's 1690th "
The aforementioned Clock, hand signs and the bell of the tower came from the Lausnitz monastery and donated by him. At that time, were in the building of the stone gate, the home of the city watchman, the watchman of the night and the accommodation of the city guards The guards wore red or blue uniform, rifle and saber. Worked in the stone gate, a toll-, of the incoming and emigrating foreigners documented.
Ever since the restoration of the tower in 1780 contributed towards the suburban city coat of arms with the inscription "Renov. 1780 et exstruct.1690. In June 1839, then only 60 years later, it was demolished due to disrepair. Today we remember the stone gate his plans, which were marked by the city in the sidewalk (see Abb.III.3.4.1 / 1) and a small information sign (s.Abb.III.3.4.1 / 2).
about the exact location of the stone gate there are discrepancies. According to Mr. Peterson, the floor plan in the pavement marking paving were used exactly where they found remains of the stone gate at road works. His testimony, he was against us not prove, giving us even after repeated requests for documentation and photos of the excavation did not show. For the statement of Mr Peter Mann says the first undated oil painting by an unknown artist (s.Abb.III.3.4.1 / 3) We see here the stone path of the city, as on the left side between the entrance to the guard gate and the stone gate another corner of the building with a kind of stair tower is shown. Law, we clearly see the building of today's perfumery Grünler, in between the stone gate.
We however, supported the assumption that the stone gate not at the marked point, but a few yards stood exactly in the direction of the market on the line between the existing remains of the city wall.
Against the site identified in the patch says that we have no good reason survived, why you should build the gate in such an unfavorable defend and location. Furthermore, argues against the adjacent houses that give no indication of a former attachment, on the contrary: In this area the street alignment on both sides of runs perfectly straight.
on the cadastral map, which was created shortly after the demolition of the stone door (only four to eleven years later), the stone gate is located or by name. (Abb.III.3.4.1 / 5) It is located between two plots. One is almost square and is situated on the extension of the now building towards the perfumery Grünler Market. It now houses the footpath in front of the store entrance and the property entrance to the courtyard of the library. The other site we found on the street. There was until recently known as the guard's house with the signature "at the stone gate" (s.Abb.III.3.4.1/4a, b). It was the rest of the building which was attached directly to the medieval gatehouse.
Let's look again, the oil paintings (s.Abb.III.3.4.1 / 3). It shows right Grünler not the perfume, but the neighboring building, which was grown on this side of the stone gate. Whether it was demolished along with the stone gate, we do not know. By 1933 had proven the perfume but this page no entrance. The situation on the oil painting we tried to understand the cadastral plan. Is marked in blue, the old gate house, the red buildings that were painted on the image and actually found the green city wall remains (s.Abb.III.3.4.1 / 5).
A final argument is an engraving showing the stone gate from Brühl and out comes a time in which the stone gate was still standing (s.Abb.III.3.4.1 / 6). On the right you have two houses, followed by the stone gate. The plots of the houses are still there today, they are both from the former city wall. Also on the card of the Historical Society is the stone gate in continuation of the course of Walls located with a circle, the cross marks the wrong patch marking (s.Abb.III.3.4.1 / 7).
3.4.2 Leipzig gate
The Leipzig is located in the northwest of the city at the end of today's Leipzig street. Although there certainly was always a narrow pedestrian gate, it is only first mentioned in 1597. At that time it had the name "cattle grid" since the animals were driven through the passage. Furthermore, it was also known as "King Hofener Gate called. Only in 1749 it was in "Leipziger Tor renamed, since the trade began in the direction of Leipzig. During this time the gate was probably repaired or restored, because in an inscription of the flag was attached there
"In the happy government of the Serene Prince and Lord, Lord Frederick III, Duke of Saxony [...], the Holy Father of the Nation, in the salvation of the world 1750 this gate built with city funds, the City Council to Eisenberg "
After the restoration of the gate it was just 83 years given in this form, since it has already been demolished again in 1833. Therefore, it is in the cadastral plan only as a signature, but not shown as a building (s.Abb.III.3.4.2 / 1).
About the specific appearance of the door, we know little. There is a postcard of the artist M. Fritzsche, the first end of the 19th Century, if not early 20 Century was created, ie 60 to 100 years after the demolition of the gate (s.Abb.III.3.4.2 / 2). The image shows a relatively high two-story Gothic tower house with passable gate, above which there is the coat of arms. The adjacent walls are provided with loopholes. The Leipzig goal is also to be seen on an old engraving of 1648, the city with its ramparts Eisenberg North East (Etzdorf road) are shown (s.Abb.III.3.4.2 / 4). If one looks closely, you can see here Fritsche postcard (s.Abb.III.3.4.2 / 3). Obviously, he enlarged this tiny shown gate, it added to the the chronicler Back-described details (city coat of arms) and dated the view to the 1650. The question now, however, whether the image of the Leipzig gate on copper engraving of the reality corresponded. The comparison to a photograph that was taken from the same location (s.Abb.III.3.4.2 / 5) shows that the artist very closely reflects the proportions and details. You can see the buildings that still stand today (Schloss (1), Hall (2), City Church (3), Superindententur (4)), has since Fritzsche copied again exactly the engraving, we can assume that the Leipzig Tor looked something like on the postcard.
3.4.3 Peterstor
The city accounts 1579/80 was the first times a "New or Upper Gate" is mentioned. It looks to the northeast. Since the gate is at the meeting point of Schorl and Peter Street, it has been called in 1749 as Peter's Gate. Officially it was said but still the "Front Gate" and so were both common names.
Also from Peterstor there is a postcard from Fritzsche, dated to the year 1830 (s.Abb.III.3.4.3 / 1). dated on the same year, there is an almost identical picture in color by an unknown artist (s.Abb.III.3.4.3 / 2). A third figure from 1923 also appears to relate to the same source (s.Abb.III.3.4.3 / 3). We do not know who has been painted by whom. An image source, the secured dates from the period before the demolition, we have not. All three images show a smaller built-up floor with a gate house with several additions. Particularly striking is a rectangular tower, if would have to have then stood behind the gate to the west of Peter Street. In reality, was the gatehouse with a floor built over, and the tower there was the history recorded. assigned to the other buildings falls hard, the wooden fence in the right part of the images was certainly never a part of the city wall.
Krumbholz served by room over the gate at least temporarily as a poorhouse. There the residents were living together with their pets and farm animals. It was there so narrow that the inhabitants of the available space with Chalk lines on the floor in their living areas divides alone the unpleasant smell because of this house in the Eisenberger was notorious. It is also narrated that a stone staircase led to a wooden railing on the wall up into the room. This staircase is located together with the gate on the cadastral plan yet. (S.Abb.III.3.4.3 / 4 - left the brown elongated rectangle next to the "d" of the upper gate). The mounted to the gate building (now the No. 1 and No. 3 Peter Street) were the urban Fronfeste the prison. The demolition of the Fronfeste and St. Peter's gate was probably around 1850. The only tradition in this respect that the tower in 1863 wear was last. The stones were used for the demolition for the construction of other buildings.
3.4.4 The Castle Gate and Castle Gate
When one speaks of the castle gate and the castle gate, it is appropriate, before making a conceptual definition. On the one hand, there were more than two goals, on the other hand, the Christiansborg Castle - as the name suggests - from the remains of the old castle was built. We will not discuss whether a gate should not be better called the castle gate, since both names are correct. For simplicity, we describe our work in all five goals that secured the area of the castle, as the castle gates. A sixth goal, a goal in the extension of the Long Lane, is not strictly under the "gate" and is therefore considered separately in the next chapter.
When the remaining five castle gates we mention briefly in their location and function and respond if possible, to their construction. be
Since not all issues have been resolved to the castle, can our statements suggestion for further study. For easier understanding, we have made two sketches that show both the present castle area. On the first we have located the entrance to the castle during the Middle Ages (s.Abb.III.3.4.4 / 1), on the other we see the situation through the 16th Century (s.Abb.III.3.4.4 / 2).
Let's start with the first Sketch (s.Abb.III.3.4.4 / 1) at the gate tower (red, No. 1). This tower is probably still the 12th Century and was found in 1999 in the western corner of the so-called "new kitchen building" in rehabilitation work. He stood outside the castle wall (orange) and was the entrance of the upstream kennel. A kennel was common and had the function between two walls to catch attackers to fight them is from above. One side of the kennel in Eisenberg was the castle wall, next to it was the Wall (purple) with a steep slope or wall.
The second goal of the kennel was also the outer gate of the castle (red, No.2). It was located on the east side the castle and was trained as a gate tower. Remains of which we see as a rectangular enlargement of the tunnel-like access to today's Tomb (s.Abb.III.3.4.4 / 3). Here is also a staircase that was discovered during excavations in 1908, so the guards could quickly reach the upper floor of the tower, in which the mechanism was for lowering a portcullis or / and a drawbridge.
from outer gate you came through the so-called Tortunnel, now the tomb access to the big gate house (red, No. 3) with the interior door to the courtyard. This old gate house, today's sacristy. The proof that the part of the castle dates from the Middle Ages, in addition to the mighty walls especially the high vaulted ceilings. If the medieval walls can be detected in the upper floors of the palace, the great gatehouse at the same time the main tower could have been.
is interesting to the imaginary then view the castle from the southeast, ie from the direction of course village. One can see from below the city wall, left the smaller gate tower to the kennel, then the mighty central tower of the great gatehouse, close by the outer gate and right, a guard tower stood at the site of the Laboratory. This is exactly the arrangement of the towers, as it also displays the coat of arms Eisenberger, and also there is the large central tower, a gate tower (s.Abb.III.1.1 / 1). The legend relates Mohr to a story by name at the time of the Crusades, that is to the Middle Ages. From the same period is the Eisenberger crest.
addition to the outer gate, exterior door and interior door from the early medieval period in a large castle rebuilt in the 16th century two more goals (s.Abb.III.3.4.4 / 2). The old access road through the kennel and Tortunnel could not be used for this conversion. The entrance to the castle (yellow) was now on the Castle Wall (purple), which had to be widened for extra. From there, a drawbridge spanned the former kennel, who served from that time as a moat. This can also attempt a reconstruction of the medieval castle by the history and see ancient Science Society (s.Abb.III.3.4.4 / 4). Over the bridge you came through the new exterior door (red, No. 5) west next to the old castle main building on the grounds of the castle. Building accounts from 1543 report "by two stone, strong, arched gate buildings" which were bricked "from the ground up with lime." Accordingly, the just discussed "Gateway to the drawbridge" and "the gateway to the city," as the doors were described in an invoice of 1589 were new construction. We have the gate house "after the city" (red, No. 4) located there, where it has been present for the search of the History and Antiquities Science Society is integrated into the current side of the castle.
In the reign of Duke Christian was the castle from 1677 1707 almost completely rebuilt in a baroque palace and extended. All gate houses here were incorporated as parts in the new buildings or demolition.
3.4.5 The Goal of the oldest Long Street
on the map of Eisenberg is in the southern extension of the long street located a small gate (s.Abb.III.3.4.5 / 1). Difficult in our investigations was that little is known about this goal. There is no documentary evidence, in Backs Chronicle is not reported and there is no reliable figure. The colored copper engraving (S.Abb.III.3.4.5 / 2 - you can see a detail) shows at this point even the entrance to the staircase. Also, the cadastral plan (s.Abb.III.3.4.5 / 3) shows these steps and the more recent retaining wall. At the intersection of walls course - Long Street, where the gate would have to stand (red dot), we find no evidence of a former gate. It is mentioned no name, as it is on the other torn city gates of the case. Surely there never was a cart track right down to the street Gera. He had to overcome in a short distance the altitude of well over 10 meters. If there has been this steep road, they would still exist, just like all other Eisenberger and roads in the downtown area.
Over the "Gateway to the long alley," so we can only guess. It could have been here a door to the moat, to imagine the foot of a watchtower in which led down the stairs. That the door of the long street was probably only a pedestrian passage, also shows the oldest Eisenberger map (s.Abb.III.1.2 / 1). The biggest goal is the castle gate, and then come Steintor Peterstor. As the smallest gates the gate of the Long Lane and the Leipzig gate are located. This was originally only passable for pedestrians. Excavations, perhaps in conjunction with the road project New Castle Gate "could bring about this gate more insights.
4 over the city walls
General 4.1 to the course
Although the city wall Eisenberg only available in a few radicals, is its exact course in long sections to reconstruct good.
it is difficult to determine if walls, standing on the ramparts course, original pieces from the 12th Century are. Until the mid-19th Century foundations, basement and garden walls built of dressed rubble. Important clues to determine wall thickness, wall structure and composite material (mortar) are. That was in the city wall Eisenberger predominantly only the very clay soil. As this earth and easy ausbröselt weathered on the outside, has, over the centuries, the original wall pieces grouted with lime and later cementitious mortar or plaster in the interior. Without a determination of the existing building physical walls, so no definitive conclusion can be made as to whether actually on the course of the city wall found stone walls are original pieces. We can not always make definite statements about it. The documentation to the walls of the Historical Society is from this perspective, to think critically. Since it is the starting point of our inventory, we will introduce in the following.
4.2 Documentation of the Historical Society
4.2.1 The Historical Society
existed A History and Antiquities of Research Society of Eisenberg since the mid-19th Century and wrote until its dissolution in 1939 many treatises on the history Eisenberger. After the second World War, the Eisenberg Group "local history" of the East German Cultural League to work on to historical research. From this group emerged after the fall of 1991, the Historical Society today Eisenberg. The approximately 20 members and visitors interested in local history will meet every first Wednesday of the month at the host site "Zum Mohren" at Ross Place.
In June 2006, We presented our project there shortly before the club and asked for help in our seminar skilled work. Soon developed interesting discussions and we agreed the next meeting with Ms. Rodenberg, director of the association, also an appointment with the archivist of the Historical Society, Mr. Peeler. That we visited the archives of the association in the Castle Street. The papers were stored there by members' meetings and other historical documents to us to be not, the reference to Mr. Much, however much. He was one of the youngest of the club and was even eight years as a board, but for personal reasons today no longer a member. In an interview with him we learned many interesting facts that we in the search for the walls could help a lot.
4.2.2 process and results of the investigation
beginning of 1992 was asked the Historical Society by the architectural firm Rader & Krueger, making the course of the city wall, locate, so the city can set the boundaries for the redevelopment area of downtown.
On three weekends in the period 2 - 22 June 1992 created the Historical Society this documentation without charge. A small group of club members of "an average of six men" (Mr Much) ran through the lot where they suspected the walls curve. The ideas about where the city walls led along, "we had because of the older People "(Mr Much). The single wall remains were immediately recorded on the hike on a map (s.Abb.III.4.4.2 / 1, legend s.Abb.III.4.4.2 / 2) and photographed. Card photos were compiled in three sessions. One was the city, the second went into the archives of the Historical Society and the third kept Mr. Much. This solution we could use for our work.
4.3 Modelling stone gate to gate Leipzig
The first stage of our . documentary begins as the Historical Society on the farm where the library is a renovated section of the Wall (s.Abb.4.3/1a) with the sign "Historic City Wall: Renovated in 1998 with Urban Development - Grants" The engraved. Numbers "1777" reference probably indicates the year of the first restoration (s.Abb.III.4.3/1b). The wall is in the cadastral map (s.Abb.III.4.3 / 2) and in the map of the Historical Society records, this section of the green, so it has characterized as "proven" (s.Abb.III.4.3 / 3). The now sloping ledge in the upper third of the wall was originally horizontal, and part of the battlements. So that the wall is here in full size.
went from here the city walls just to the north. On the cadastral map, we can its course to the intersection Kornmann road - follow Leipziger Tor (s.Abb.III.4.3 / 2) - Factory Road. Old wall remains, see for example, from the factory road can confirm this record (s.Abb.III.4.3 / 4). All lots in this area have the profile of the former city wall as a boundary. Built on foundations of buildings can also have as original wall remains. We tried in various basements, to prove it, but could do because of reasons already stated, no reliable statements.
on the cadastral map of particular interest is the curvature of the walls in the area of Kornmann road. At this bend are visible to the outside wall pieces (s.Abb.III.4.3 / 5). If it were retaining walls, that would mean that the city wall was particularly high here. It but can also be the remains of a watchtower, for a tower at this point would have been very useful.
intergranular man and Leipziger Str street itself is the Historical Society on a width of five houses on the route of the Wall "unsafe" before they "identified" as the Leipzig gate followed. The cadastral map (s.Abb.III.4.3 / 2), however security and development follows this course.
04.04 From Leipzig gateway to Peterstor
From Leipzig gate of the city wall to the east leads to the Peter's Gate. On the cadastral plan, they still long way runs parallel to the present garden road, it is located no more (s.Abb.III.4.4 / 1). This means that the wall is no longer before the making of the map at this location existed. The next piece of city wall is drawn in a piece on the old brewery site. (S.Abb.III.4.4 / 3). The intervening area, we had to reconstruct the basis of other evidence. It is immediately apparent that the two aforementioned pieces are drawn on an imaginary line on this, we suspect the city wall.
This is not the presumptions of the Historical Society. In its plan, the wall makes for a striking gateway to the Leipzig bend inward and gives way here already far from the drawing the cadastral map (s.Abb.III.4.4 / 2). That is why we want him in this area further notice.
Let us look at the imaginary line connecting au. (S.Abb.III.4.4 / 4). On this day can still prove property boundaries and building walls. After a large piece of green land, the first thing that can be closed again on the course of the city wall, the outside of today's kindergarten is in the root alley. Then there is the site of the former brewery. The long side of the former brewery building is exactly on this line. It is überliefet that it was built before the city wall. Following directly in front of the former brewery, we find the above mentioned city wall piece again. The photo (Abb.III.4.4 / 5) shows the view along the outer wall the kindergarten through the demolition site of the old brewery building on the edge to the center lane, where the course goes on the walls. Although today the brewery land nothing more reminiscent of the city wall, we see the progress just described it as certain. That is, could have been the basement and buildings in 2006, demolished brewery original pieces of the city wall.
runs from the middle lane by the masons, the land between Garden Street and spritzers. The land plan shows low wall sections, which also noted the Historical Society in his plan (s.Abb.III.4.4 / 6). He also took pictures of possible original pieces (s.Abb.III.4.4 / 7,8). The last part to Peterstor was found during road works Schorl - corner Peter Street. The progress of the city wall and the location of Peter gate was identified in the pavement (s.Abb.III.4.4 / 9).
Peterstor 04.05 From the gate of the Long Lane
the course of the city wall from the gate of the Long Peterstor to reconstruct street is initially relatively simple. The wall runs from the southeast Peterstor, in parallel to Garden Street. The Historical Society has documented this process (s.Abb.III.4.5 / 1). In the cadastral map (s.Abb.III.4.5 / 2) the wall is almost completely drawn to the house the family of Thaler (Garden Street 1). In this house we were allowed to look at the exterior wall of a room, which is a part of the old city wall (s.Abb.III.4.5 / 3).
The cadastral plan, we can still see that the old school (s.Abb.III.4.5 / 4, red staining) to or in place of the city wall was built. The present Rosa Luxembourg Street did not go out of town, so that was no gate at this point, but perhaps a guard tower. The wall was further south. Crossing the Rosa Luxembourg Street, you come to the old office building, a former Free Court. The outer wall is limited by the walls, the leaves on that side curved house floor plan for that conclusion. In extension is in the cadastral plan another piece of wall documented, which is still visible at the place Kraus (s.Abb.III.4.5 / 5). At the point the wall is as high as usual is no longer in Eisenberg. Good to see the loopholes. This part is characterized by the city as part of the "historical tour" with a table of key data (s.Abb.III.4.5 / 6). The wall runs towards laboratory. In this section it is in very different states. As far at all original wall pieces are there would have to also clarify a building physical examination. On a wall opening (s.Abb.III.4.5 / 7) we see that have been made by the insertion of red brick changes. The foundation of the Gym Ostschule (s.Abb.III.4.5 / 8) is right next to the former city wall history. Dei parcel boundary wall runs in width parallel to the gym and goes in a straight line to the former laboratory of Duke Christian's on the corner of Water Street (s.Abb.III.4.5 / 9). The round course of Leipzig gate up to this point, one can understand very well on the aerial view of 1921 (s.Abb.III.4.5/10).
starts from the laboratory of the Iron Mountains range of the castle. Here again we must first clarify the terms: In all previous publications used for the fortification walls in the castle field, different names. We are with the historical association and the History and Antiquities Society of Eisenberg researchers agree that the palace district was separated from the city by a separate wall. This wall will be denoted from now as the "inner wall". The wall that separates the castle district to the outside, we call the "outer wall". We want to avoid the controversy over the name of the city wall or castle wall or castle wall.
is Our hypothesis was only the outer wall built for fortification. The inner wall separated from one another castle and town. Outer and inner wall separated at the Laboratory. The exposed Maueren of the building could be the remains of a watchtower (s.Abb.III.4.5/11).
we first take a look at recent aerial photographs and record there the surveyed facilities (s.Abb.III.4.5/12). We chose a large cut in order to see the castle in the context of virtually the entire course can. The red line represents the right is the already discussed range from the laboratory, left it features a play that we occupied in the following chapter as a safe course. The previously considered safe over the outer wall in the castle area is also shown in red. In the aerial view we have the results of the Historical Society with a green line in the database. The wide green bar shows the "proven" Area, the yellow dot the suspected location of the gate of the Long Lane.
The Historical Society is of the opinion that the castle was outside the city walls. The association is now trying to prove that wall on the basis of property boundaries and visible stone walls. Consider first the range that is on the map of the Historical Society (s.Abb.III.4.5/13) with green, that is entered as shown. On a photo of the Historical Society to document this point (s.Abb.III.4.5/14) notice that the wall is shot entirely from red sandstone. It is the same material that was used from 1677 when reconstruction of the castle (castle facade). As we in the course of our could find work on original pieces of wall, the city wall has been built from the yellow sandstone of the area. So we assume that the Scheithof sloping terrain was offset by 1700 with this wall to the castle garden just to create. However, it is no part of the city wall.
Let us turn again to the outer wall. Between laboratory and the former outer gate tower of the castle church in the reconstruction is simple. A ruler handed to get the result (s.Abb.III.4.5/12.). The boundary of the garden arch is exactly on this line (orange). The "outer wall" prevented the accurate application of the rectangular Baroque garden, as It was customary at that time. Since today's land outside of the Masons in the 19th Century was filled, it will be possible in this section of the Wall excavations about 2.5 meters deep to expose to the level of today's grave.
We now consider the section of the Wall from the western corner of the palace building of the "New Cuisine" (front gate or Zwingertor) towards the west to the gate of the long street (black dot). We are confident that the Scheithof was built here on the outer wall. The curved layout of the building as a reminder. The cave-in (s.Abb.III.3.1 / 2) shows that it is almost certainly an original piece of City wall is because we see the same design as in other proven places. The extension of the western end more curved Scheithofgebäudes meets the Long Lane crossing, a wall piece that is located in the cadastral plan again. The course of the outer wall is thus clear.
, we turn to the more difficult the course of the reconstruction portion of the inner wall to. Let's start again with the garden arch. As we have noted above, the cooking was trying architect, the garden arch give a complete symmetry. These boundaries of the triangular garden were coming from the laboratory, the outer and inner wall. Consider the middle as a bisector, then the current Wall Street to the castle not the original definition. The inner wall of the laboratory was coming further inside (s.Abb.III.4.5/15, blue line). Very hypothetical now we let them continue in parallel with the Castle Road at two edges are building. Through this course and the rear castle garden is again symmetric, and the two garden walls to Scheithof ran almost parallel. To reconstruct
the course of the inner wall more closely, we asked Mr. Peterson for help. This led us to the entrance to the courtyard to one point (s.Abb.III.4.5/16), and explained that here in excavations remains of an ancient wall, probably was the city wall. Information on the progress of this wall could not give us Mr. Petermann. In the picture III.4.5/15 see that this locality is exactly parallels our imaginary (blue dot).
We are sure that the inner wall had no strategic importance to the city's defense. As the definition of the castle grounds to the city, its history has the extension works on the castle grounds probably changed several times.
4.6 perform From the gate of the long alley to the stone gate
The wall now from the gate on Long Street further south. This final section can be reconstructed in its course again relatively simple - the cadastral plan, the city wall located throughout and it can still find long wall remains. We photographed them and the Cadastral Plan marked and numbered (s.Abb.III.4.6 / 1). In the sections No.1-3, we find walls built over the remains of buildings that are on land of the ancients Gera Road (s.Abb.III.4.6 / 2). In section No. 4 is seen in a garage, the newly grouted walls at a height of about three meters (s.Abb.III.4.6 / 3).
Later, parts of the city wall on the demolition site of the old post. In section No. 5 of the city wall is again used as the base wall of a timber-framed building (s.Abb.III.4.6 / 4). Only about three feet high in the wall section 6 is available (s.Abb.III.4.6 / 5), there is top of the wall partially covered with sandstone slabs. This cover is often devoted to wall pieces, which were restored proven to 1777th The latest on this renovation is no longer needed battlements and embrasures were demolished. Outside the city walls the land of the old road Gera are about one to two meters deep. The one external wall height signified by four to five meters.
The section of the cadastral map in Figure III.4.6 / 6 can be seen until the later stone gate. The wall extends beyond back of land on Long Street to Wall Street - corner guard gate where it is visible again (s.Abb.III.4.6 / 7). From there it runs as houses front of the building in the direction Wächtergasse stone gate. "Wächtergasse" and "Wall Street" are two street names that refer very striking on the city wall. At the end of
Wächtergasse - corner stone path was also the guard's house, to be that we received during the treatment of the stone gate. On 12 and 13 July this year there was demolished houses a quarter (s.Abb.III.4.6 / 8), while the discovered remains of the wall could be clearly identified as a city wall parts. They were found between 33 and Steinweg Wächtergasse second Found in the excavation also shows that the houses built "on the city wall were. The city wall itself is not used as a house wall. "Guard house and walls together formed the transition to the stone gate, as we discussed in Chapter III.3.4.1. This closes the circle of the course of the city wall Eisenberg.
4.7 Comparison of the two documentation
In large part we have the profile of the city wall, as it documented the Historical Society, can understand and also found additional evidence. As we look at the entire map (s.Abb.III.4.7 / 1), we have yet to gain some new insights. So in the areas of Leipzig gate to the middle lane in Wächtergasse and especially on the castle grounds. Although we could determine the course there will almost certainly, excavations would bring old wall remains only valid evidence.
At the gate of Long Street are open questions. The position of the gate in this area, which stated the Historical Society was, however, refuted.
IV Conclusion
Eisenberg has remains of a fortification from the 12th Century. The approximately one meter thick and three to six feet high sandstone wall enclosed the city in the form of a rounded triangle. They originally had a main gate, a Nebentor, at least two pedestrian passages and a few guard towers. In the north, in the mounting ring a castle was built to extract themselves from the city and a fortified gate with its own gatehouse, Tortunnel and had kennel. There is new evidence becomes available over the castle in the context of the city walls and approaches to Eisenberger coat of arms, because it could be the old castle Eisenberger. Eisenberger
The city wall was largely demolished, built over buried or have been only short pieces have been saved from decay.
Finally, we can say that we have achieved through the combination of many different facts with known safe and unsafe sources of our goal. The Eisenberger course of city wall was determined in our work completely and accurately.
can
Part of our presentation to the course of the wall to prove we are not. Surveys, excavations and analysis of building cost money, time and must be approved. It also lacks research on how far portions of the walls nor the original of the 12th century come close to exactly where remains of walls in basements or houses are built or as wall sections, break the straight, can still be saved.
We see our work as a basis for further investigation of interested citizens and city walls as well as owners of useful information for institutions such as city information, museum, Denkmalschutz und Bauamt.
V Summary
After we got the task to write a seminar paper we choose to work on a regional theme and if possible we wanted to write something about Eisenberg. After making some inquiries about Eisenberg and interesting themes referring to that town, we found out that there were only a few information about the wall of Eisenberg. So we decided to take this topic for our work. We wanted to find out more about it´s history, progress and it´s run. Moreover we also did some research about the history of Eisenberg. While researching we recognized that there were not many documents to work with.
We decided that it would be better to call Mr. Petermann, the local archeologist and director of the museum of local history, to help us finding information about our theme. Furthermore we made excursions to get to know which parts of the wall are still there. Also we made some interviews with members of the historical association of Eisenberg and seek cards, pictures, chronicles and graphics which tell about the wall and history of our district town. Despite all the information which were not verified, we got enough material to describe the run of the wall in a very detailed way.
We found out, that the wall was built under the margrave Otto the rich around 1182. The material for it´s construction was sandstone from the surrounding area. The cause of building is not completely clarified because of unreliable sources so that we only can give an account of the building structure and explain some own theories.The wall had at leasf five gates to every direction to protect Eisenberg better, which were damaged in the first half of the 19th century like the rest of this wall.Also we can not describe the precise run of the wall, because of the doubtful sources.The content of our essay is based completely upon the unreliable sources and own thoughts that we developed during our work.But alltogether we think we have given given an appropriate summary of the whole material we have found and our own ideas.The research paper we will published in the “ Rückblicke” booklets so that the people can get to know more about this extraordinary building.
VI Quellenverzeichnis
books
Anno 6, Westermann, Braunschweig 1999
Back, August Leberecht: Chronicle of the City and the Office of Eisenberg. from earliest times to 1843, 1 Band, Eisenberg 1843
Brice, Martin: castles and fortifications. From antiquity to the end of the 20th Century, Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg 1991
Dirlmeier: Small German history. Reclam, Stuttgart 1995
history Plus: Issue Thuringia, People & Knowledge, Berlin 1998
Koch, Wilfried architecture Client: Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1991
Krahe, Friedrich-Wilhelm: castles in medieval Germany. Plan-Lexikon, Flechsig, Würzburg 2000
Beyer, Erich: The gates of the old city wall Eisenberg Year 1, August 1956
Líbal, Dobroslav: castles and fortresses in Europe, publishing Dausien, Prague 1993
Lehfeldt, Prof. Dr.: art and architectural monuments of Thuringia, Publisher Gustav Fischer, Jena 1888
Lemm, Erhard: Eisenberg. Portrait of a district town in Thuringia, publisher Erhard Lemm, Gera April 2000
notices History and Antiquities Science Society of Eisenberg in the Duchy of Sachsen-Altenburg. Eisenberg: 26. Violent and 27 Issue (Volume V, No. 1 and 2) 1910 13th
Booklet. 1898 16th
Issue (Vol. III, No. 1) 1901 24th
Violent and 25 Issue (Volume IV, Issue 4 and 5) 1909
26th Violent and 27 Issue (Volume V, No. 1 and 2) 1910 36th
Bulletin, (Vol. VII, No. 1) 1924
Müller, Hans: The city. Yesterday and today, children's book publisher, Leipzig 1979
Schultes, Ludwig August: Diplomatic and Statistical news from the town of Eisenberg in Osterland, Eisenberg 1799
Stubblefield, William: Christiansborg Castle in Eisenberg. Minutes of a metamorphosis. Eisenberg, 1999
Our little hiking Issue: Eisenberg and Mühltal. Eisenberg-Bad-Klosterlausnitz Stadtroda, Issue 89, Brockhaus Verlag, Leipzig 1964
tax collector, Walter: Journey to the Gothic, Prisma Verlag, Leipzig 1966
Internet
http://www.blinkbits.com/de_wikifeeds/Stadtmorphologie, 01/14/2007
http://www.eisenberg.de,
http://www.freenet-homepage.de/g.leu/otto.htm
http://www.hansischergeschichtsverein.de,
http://www.lehnswesen.de/page/html_stadt.html,
http://www.lexikon.meyers.de/meyers/Stadt 12/17/2006, 01/14/2007
http://www.stadt-eisenberg.de/archiv/archivhome.html
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befestigungsanlage, 23/04/2007
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burggraben ,
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrgang
http://de.wikipedia, Bastion, 16.10.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadt 18:23, 01/14/2007
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Stadtmauer_Rothenburg.jpg
http://www.zum.de/psm/ma/otte12.php, 14.01.2007
OTZ newspaper article: The ' ., old Eisenberger Castle "A far only partially clarified point in the history of the city
Volkswacht: The old Eisenberger city wall and its gates, Paul Heinecke, June 1977
OTZ: remains of the wall documented, Angelika Kemter, June 2007
interviews and documentation
Mr. Peterson: Documentation on the findings of the walls in Eisenberg, interview
blueprint of house Grünler 06/26/1933
Mr. Much: Interview
have used interview
VII Affidavit
hereby assure us, Sarah Weigelt, Lisa Rost, Marie Prokop and Josephine Herbst, that we have written the submitted technical work on their own and no other than the specified resource: Mrs. Rodenberg. We expressly acknowledge that I have given citations and references with great care and honesty in the prescribed form and manner indicated.
Crossen, the 10/20/2007
Sarah Weigelt
Lisa Rost
Marie Prokop
Josephine Herbst
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